How HIV is Transmitted

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a serious virus that attacks the body's immune system. If left untreated, it can lead to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Understanding how HIV is transmitted is essential in preventing its spread and protecting yourself and others. Below are the three main ways HIV can be transmitted:

Through Blood

HIV is present in the blood of an infected person and can be transmitted when the blood of someone with HIV enters the bloodstream of another person. This can happen through:

  • Sharing needles, syringes, or other injecting equipment.

  • Receiving contaminated blood products or organ transplants (though this is extremely rare today due to strict screening procedures).

  • Accidental needle sticks in healthcare settings.

Using only sterile needles and ensuring safe medical practices are crucial steps in preventing transmission through blood.

Unprotected Sex

HIV can be passed from one person to another during vaginal, anal, or oral sex if no protection is used. This is one of the most common methods of transmission worldwide.

  • The risk increases with multiple sexual partners or if either partner has a sexually transmitted infection (STI).

  • HIV can enter the body through mucous membranes in the genitals, rectum, or mouth.

  • Using condoms correctly every time you have sex and knowing both your and your partner's HIV status greatly reduces the risk.

From Mother to Child

HIV can be passed from an HIV-positive mother to her child:

  • During pregnancy.
  • During childbirth.
  • Through breastfeeding.

However, with proper medical care and antiretroviral treatment (ART), the risk of mother-to-child transmission can be reduced. Pregnant women are encouraged to get tested early and receive the necessary treatment to protect their baby.