What is HIV?

HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. It is a virus that attacks the body’s immune system, specifically targeting the CD4 cells (also called T cells), which help fight infections. If left untreated, HIV reduces the number of these cells, making the body more vulnerable to infections and certain diseases.

How is HIV transmitted?

HIV is transmitted through certain body fluids, including:

  • Blood

  • Semen (including pre-seminal fluid)

  • Vaginal fluids

  • Rectal fluids

  • Breast milk

Common ways HIV spreads include unprotected sexual contact, sharing needles or syringes, from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding, and through blood transfusions with infected blood (though this is rare in places where blood is tested).

What is the difference between HIV and AIDS?

HIV is the virus that causes the infection. If HIV is not treated, it can lead to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), the most advanced stage of HIV infection. At this point, the immune system is severely damaged, and the person becomes vulnerable to opportunistic infections or certain cancers.

Symptoms of HIV

Symptoms vary depending on the stage of infection:

  • Acute HIV infection (2-4 weeks after exposure): Flu-like symptoms such as fever, sore throat, swollen glands, rash, and fatigue.
  • Chronic HIV infection: Often no symptoms for years, but the virus continues to damage the immune system.
  • AIDS: Symptoms include rapid weight loss, recurring fever, extreme tiredness, prolonged swelling of lymph nodes, and more frequent infections.

How is HIV diagnosed?

HIV is diagnosed through blood tests or oral swab tests that detect antibodies to the virus or the virus itself. Early testing is important for effective management.

Can HIV be treated?

Yes! While there is currently no cure for HIV, it can be controlled with antiretroviral therapy (ART). ART helps reduce the viral load in the body, keeping the immune system stronger and reducing the risk of transmitting the virus to others.

Prevention Tips: The ABCDE

  • Abstinence
  • Be mutually faithful to your partner.
  • Correct and consistent use of condoms.
  • Do not do drugs and do not share needles.
  • Early diagnosis and education
  • PrEP and PEP